In his thesis Van Koningsveld (2003) describes the Frame of Reference method aimed at structuring the end user-specialist interaction in application-oriented knowledge development. Effective interaction is needed to prevent or at least defer the seemingly inevitable divergence of the end user's user’s and the specialist's perceptions on what is relevant knowledge (Van Koningsveld et al., 2003). Applying the method increases the probability that specialist research produces results that are applicable in policy development or practical application. Although the method was developed in the context of policy development, its applicability is much more generic.
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To prevent or at least defer the seemingly inevitable divergence of the end user's user’s and the specialist's perceptions on what is relevant knowledge the Frame of Reference method was developed. It works by taking the end user's information need as a driver for knowledge development and continually tuning ongoing specialist research to that information need. By making the essential components of decision making explicit (Van Koningsveld and Mulder, 2004), a template can be constructed -in the thesis defined as the Frame of Reference- which may then be used to guide the communication process. Analysis of practical cases indicates that successful policy development involves a 'basic' Frame of Reference comprising explicit definitions of:
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To enable objective and transparent decision making, the state of the system, or certain aspects thereof, needs to be described in an appropriate quantitative form. Which form is most useful in the decision making process is determined by the strategic and operational objectives, as well as by the other elements in the decision recipe. Practical effectiveness is strongly linked with knowledge of the system's behaviour. There is a wealth of literature on indicators, indices, etc. for the quantative description of a system's system’s state.
Benchmarking procedure
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