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The generic approach of the 'ideal' frame of reference combined with the procedure to define the information need, may yield a very complex picture that can be difficult to apply in practice, although it has been shown to work (cf. Mulder et al., 2001; Willems, 2002; Wierda, 2003). To make the 'ideal' approach somewhat more applicable in practice, we need a 'basic' frame of reference containing a limited set of elements that seem to recur in management situations where physical system behaviour presents a threat to values and interests. In order to make essential (technical) components of ICM decision making processes explicit, a 'basic' frame of reference should include the following elements (see Figure 4.7):
- a strategic objective;
- an operational objective; and
- a decision recipe containing a foursome of elements, viz.:
- a quantitative state concept;
- a benchmarking procedure;
- an intervention procedure; and
- an evaluation procedure confronting the operational as well as the strategic objective.
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