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Innovative contracting for BwN
Realisation within project boundaries represents the most concrete perspective on BwN. The definition of the project boundaries is of crucial importance since this defines the domain in which procurement and contracts have to be organized. So (1) grip is needed on how project boundaries are changed by BwN and (2) procurement and contract need to be organised accordingly.'
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(ad 1) Application of Building with Nature
(ad 2) Governments and other project developers have to follow a tender process in case of outsourcing works and contracts. The rules, procedures and requirements for this are easily traced in national legislation. Typically the bid process includes a prequalification step or integral qualification criteria; usually criteria include financial qualification for similar work, technical qualification and the financial eligibility of te contractor, expressed in terms of total turnover. Such rules, that frame competition and determine who is eligible, influence the line up of private parties such as consultants and constructors. The described developments call for redesign of the setting or frame in which realization takes place. A realisation frame has to de developed that secures that the seedbed of BwN is harvested in realisation. Dealing with contractors (used to design + construct jobs) that play a substantial role during the initiation and planning phases takes rethinking procurement and accompanying contract types.
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Inevitable the issue has to be faced how to deal with procurement and contracts in the case realization takes place within enlarged and reshuffled project boundaries.
This building solution outlines cooperation and procurement strategies and elaborates contracts and suitable organisational structures.
The key questions are:
- How can organisational structures, procurement and contracts facilitate BwN within project boundaries?
- Which specific arrangements with regard to organisation, procurement and contracts are conditional for realisation of BwN within project boundaries?
Advantages
- Successful integration of BwN concepts in a development benefits from early involvement of all relevant players in the field, especially from the knowledge of constructing parties. This requires a sound package of agreements with commercial parties, that allows these to bring in their expertise, under a mechanism to reward them for their creativity, but without 'open ends'.
Disadvantages
- Innovative contracting requires a large input, qualitatively and quantitatively, from developers in early stages of the project, often dealing within knowledge fields they are less familiar with.
- Innovative contracting inevitably includes a certain level of uncertainty in early stages of decision making. Mechanisms to handle such
- uncertainties through 'adaptive
- management' are becoming general practice.
How to Use
'The job to be done' for which guidance is offered is about:
- How to build organisational and contractual arrangements in order to enhance the realisation of BwN within project boundaries?
At first sight this subject might seem almost trivial compared to issues of how to get and keep BwN on the agenda (see Networks), how to deal with and make good use of regulations and procedures (see Regulatory context) and how to arrange a productive knowledge process (see Knowledge context). Still the proof of the pudding is finally in organizing the project environment in a pro-active manner in order to harvest the seedbed. Without the realization of BwN within project boundaries all the efforts in the end are spoiled. So right from the start, the appropriate 'realization realisation framework' should be focussed focused upon.
Some guidance is given on how to use insights in procurement and contracts in order to falititate BwN realization within project boundaries.
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Think about procurement early and pro-activelySome hints regarding the process:
Strive for progressive types of procurementThe three main types of procurement, ordered from conventional to progressive: 1) Traditional. The traditional base model involves market parties when the plan is ready, and only some minor issues are to be filled with regard to detail design. Market parties then compete on price, quality and competence to advocate their design. 2) Second generation: Design and construct ‘light’: the model in which market parties are connected although the plan is not ready yet, however the priority alternative is already selected. In this model market parties compete in the procurement process in their ability and competence to develop and design a public decision. The choice had to be for the most capable supplier that combines developing and design competences. Being able to identify, assess and control risks is of importance. 3) Third generation: Innovative-integration: the model in which market parties are connected although the priority alternative has not been selected yet. This model requires letting go of the fixed price principle that is often used in the other models. In this model the procedure often starts with a frame of reference that just indicate the qualities and values that are of relevance. Further selection is made during a 'process of dialogues', during which the paln is further defined and pricing is agreed upon. Keep overview over the procurement processIn the second and third generation model the process might include three phases:
Realize effective management of the procurement processEffective handling of the process as described requires:
Feasibility of innovative procurementSome further issues to take into consideration:
Learn from Public Private Partnerships
Some further reading on PPP in practice. Note: This document approaches procurement of PPP from the perspective of governments. The message in this building solution is that how governments approach private organizations is important, however how private alliances of consultants, constructors approach governments in order to influence procurement and contracting is as important. Also is of importance to focus upon the BwN inherent need for functional specification. (Additional) information with regard to the topics discussed can also be found on |
Practical Applications
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Idealtypical project arrangements
This building solution innovative contracting reasons from the perspective of BwN and the preferred involvement of actors in the project phases. For practical application keep the following idealtypical project arrangements into consideration to asses your position and determine appropriate next steps.
Conventional arrangement
The conventional arrangement is structured by state-led, top-down planning. A public actor initiates and finances the project. This actor sets the Terms of Reference based on local and national debates.
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These decisions are often inspired on developments in the global maritime network. Hereafter, the initiator appoints a project owner, in general a governmental department or a local (port) authority. The project owner is responsible for further development and finally the overall completion of the project. At this stage, one or more consultants assist the project owner in studying the practicalities of the project. National legislation and institutional setting form the basis for the rules of the game. The most prominent discourse in these project arrangements builds upon economic growth and (inter)national competitiveness. |
Integrated Market Arrangement
In the integrated market arrangement, a national government in cooperation with a private company or a private/privatized (port) authority takes the initiative. The project owner works together with a constructor in formulating the design.
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This means that the constructor takes up part of the knowledge provision. A trend underlying this arrangement is the continuous process of port privatization, whereby port authorities become more independent of their government (World Bank, 2007). This allows for more freedom in decision-making, including deliberation on environmental permits. Financing in this project arrangement is often structured by the so-called ‘business case’, as the initiating government is not providing (all) the necessary finances to the project. Therefore, external financiers or loans are attracted to the project, which have the possibility to add additional conditions. Another trend is the increasing role of private companies, such as constructors in the design stage of the project. They become involved in deliberations on the design, or even share responsibilities with the project owner under a partnering agreement. |
External financier-initiated arrangement
In this arrangement an external (global) financier initiates the project, often together with a government. These actors can be international financing institutions, foreign governments or private companies.
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The money provided is conditional, making the financier influence the Terms of References and the design. Therefore, a general consequence is that these projects are often subject to, and designed using international standards (EPA, European, Australian, or standards set by international organizations, such as UNEP). As a result, these Institutions are (partly) detached from their local socio-economic settings. |
The private arrangement
The central actor in this arrangement is a private principal, who as in the conventional arrangement, takes the initiative, controls finances, and manages the project.
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Examples of these private companies are mining companies, steel producers and infrastructure investors. The first phases in this arrangement show resemblances with the conventional arrangement, although in the later phases, associations with the integrated market arrangement are more apparent. Consultants have a large influence in setting the terms of reference and the design, and part of this consultancy work is taken up by the constructor. |
Project examples and cases
Channel Deepening Project Melbourne
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Example MelbourneThe Port of Melbourne is Australia’s largest container and general cargo port, with 37% of Australia’s container trade. By 2035 the Port aims to expand considerably, increasing the number of containers fourfold, and accommodating vessels up to 7,000 twenty foot equivalent units (TEUs). For this expansion, parts of the access channels to Melbourne in Port Phillip Bay had to be deepened in an environmentally sustainable way. To achieve this major expansion, the Port of Melbourne sought a relationship with a Contractor of shared responsibility and risk. An Alliance form of contract was chosen because it was found that commitment to such an arrangement gives the best opportunity for the delivery of outstanding outcomes regarding time, budget, safety and environmental performance. The contract was signed in May 2004 between Port of Melbourne Corporation (PoMC) and Boskalis Australia Pty Ltd. Alliancing is a proven infrastructure procurement method that is being used by governments across Australia alongside other methods to deliver infrastructure to the community. In alliancing, a public sector agency delivers the project collaboratively with private sector parties in procuring major capital assets, and agrees to take uncapped risks and share opportunities. The key benefits of alliance contracting are the incentives it provides to the parties involved to work cooperatively to complete the project within the time and budget forecasts, to find the best solutions for the project (rather than for their own interests), and to work quickly and collaboratively to resolve issues as they arise. In alliancing, the project team is integrated; it is required to act in good faith, with integrity, keep to certain principles (such as ‘no blame’) and make unanimous decisions and recommendations on all key project issues. The concept of collective assumption of risk applies in alliance contracts where the alliance Participants bear all risks equitably (although not always equally regarding financial consequences). For complex projects with high risks that cannot be fully dimensioned, alliancing can potentially offer the best procurement strategy for achieving the government’s investment objectives. The alliance approach allows such risks to be worked through collaboratively as the project develops. An Alliance Contract is based on mutual trust in which the roles, responsibilities and accountabilities of the partners are clearly defined. Furthermore, all decisions by the partners take into account stakeholder interests and are based on full disclosure. For that reason, in Melbourne the Alliance Contract was instrumental in overcoming one of the major non-technical obstacles to the execution of the dredging works: the negative reactions of some stakeholders in the vicinity of Port Phillip Bay. On-going discussions and the emergence of a local group of bayside residents who were clearly opposed to the project, eventually led to court action, which temporarily stopped the dredging operations. Working together, with a concerted communications effort to involve the public, the Contractor and PoMC were able to demonstrate the environmentally sound dredging methodology. This educational campaign included public hearings, an information programme and school presentations. It also included extensive monitoring before, during and after the works as well as a multi-level corporate communications campaign. These open and transparent communication efforts played a significant role in reassuring many stakeholders that the channel deepening project could be conducted in a safe and environmentally sustainable manner. The Alliance Contract signed by PoMC and Boskalis Australia required all actions and decisions to be based on ‘Best for Project’ principles. Considering the difficulties of the sea, the soil and environmental conditions, the project demanded a large investment in Research & Development to find innovative solutions. One of the issues involved responding to a group of local residents who launched a concerted media campaign with the express purpose of ceasing any dredging from occurring. An important conclusion from the Melbourne project is that the public has the right to transparency. The concerns of the public must also be the concerns of the contractor and client. Economic issues are important, but environmental and social issues are equally important. As a result of multi-disciplinary teams, thorough risk assessments, modelling, monitoring, a good Environmental Management Plan and clear communication about these activities, dredging at the Port has progressed solidly, environmental limits on the whole have been met, the opponents and media are less negative, and the concerns about dredging are more realistically perceived.
More information can be found on project page |
References
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Literature
Internet
(Additional) information with regard to the topics discussed in this manual: |
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Related Tools
Contingent Valuation Method for Nature Valuation
Identification of ecological and socio-economic components - EcoMindmap
Including natural value in decision-making - Nature Index
Frame of Reference for specialist and end-user interaction
Framework for system understanding - DPSIR
Monte Carlo simulation and Social Cost Benefit Analysis
Valuation of risks and opportunities in BwN
Visualising and managing uncertainties
Monte Carlo simulation and Social Cost Benefit Analysis
Projects
Related Projects
Adaptive Management - Melbourne Port Extension
- Adaptive management
Area development for sustainability - Wieringerrandmeer, NL
Building with Nature in delta cities - Dordrecht and Rotterdam, NL
Sustainable development - Perkpolder ferry port, NL
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