Climate Change

Research on salinisation processes in the Netherlands (NHI)

The so-called Netherlands Hydrological modelling Instrument (NHI) includes a module to take into account fresh and saline groundwater in the coastal zone. This paper informs you about this NHI fresh-saline groundwater module, which assesses on a national scale the impact of stresses such as sea level rise, land subsidence, increasing groundwater extraction and changes in natural groundwater recharge on groundwater in the Dutch coastal zone. Modelling results show that the water system significantly becomes more saline these coming 50-100 years, and that water courses need to be flushed more intensively if water boards want to maintain the water quality in the surface water system. This module is ready to play a role in assessing the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation strategies to make our water system climate proof.

Poster: Netherlands Hydrological modelling Instrument: fresh and saline groundwater in the Dutch coastal zone
More information: Jarno Verkaik, Joost Delsman or Gualbert Oude Essink

Peer-reviewed articles 3D fresh-saline modelling with MOCDENS3D

Faneca Sànchez, M., Gunnink, J., van Baaren, E.S., Oude Essink, G.H.P., Elderhorst, W., de Louw, P.G.B., Siemon, B., Auken, E. 2012. Modelling climate change effects on a Dutch coastal groundwater system using airborne Electro Magnetic measurements, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4499-4516, doi:10.5194/hess-16-4499-2012.
link to HESS

Pauw, P.S., Louw, P.G.B., de, Oude Essink, G.H.P. 2012. Groundwater salinization in the Wadden Sea area of the Netherlands; quantifying the effects of climate change, sea level rise and anthropogenic interferences, Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 91-3, 373-383.
link to NJG

Oude Essink, G.H.P. and Kooi, H. 2012. Land-subsidence and sea-level rise threaten fresh water resources in the coastal groundwater system of the Rijnland water board, The Netherlands, p. 227-248, Chapter 13 in: Climate Change Effects on Groundwater Resources: A Global Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations, Treidel, H., Martin-Bordes, J.L. and Gurdak, J.J. (Eds), 401 p.
link to Book

Oude Essink, G.H.P., E.S. van Baaren, and P.G.B. de Louw 2010, Effects of climate change on coastal groundwater systems: A modeling study in the Netherlands, Water Resour. Res., 46, W00F04, doi:10.1029/2009WR008719.
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Vandenbohede, A., Van Houtte, E, and Lebbe, L. 2009. Sustainable groundwater extraction in coastal areas: a Belgian example. Environ Geol (2009) 57:735--747.
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Oude Essink, G.H.P. 2001. Salt Water Intrusion in a Three-dimensional Groundwater System in The Netherlands: a Numerical Study, Transport in Porous Media 43(1): 137-158.
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Oude Essink, G.H.P. 2001. Saltwater intrusion in 3D large-scale aquifers: a Dutch case, Phys. & Chem. of the Earth 26(4): 337-344.
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User Manuel MOCDENS3D

Vandenbohede, A. 2008, Ghent University, Visual MOCDENS3D± Visualisation and processsing software for MOCDENS3D, a 3D density dependent groundwater flow and solute transport model.
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Reports, proceedings 3D fresh-saline modelling with MOCDENS3D

Oude Essink, G.H.P. 2001. Density dependent groundwater flow at the island of Texel, The Netherlands. Proc. 16th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting, Miedzyzdroje-Wolin Island, Poland: 47-54.
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Oude Essink, G.H.P. 1999. Simulating 3D density dependent groundwater flow: the adapted MOC3D. Proc. 15th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting, Ghent, Belgium: 69-79.

Oude Essink, G.H.P. 1998. MOC3D adapted to simulate 3D density-dependent groundwater flow. In: Proc.MODFLOW'98 Conference, October 4-8, 1998, Golden, Colorado, USA, Vol. I, 291-303.
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Animations: examples

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Henry's profile with sea level rise

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Dutch profile with extraction, upconing and low inland levels

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Profile over 3D model: autonomous salinisation, sea level rise

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The movement of island De Griend (The Netherlands) and the creation of the freshwater lens

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Evolution of a freshwater lens

Peer-reviewed articles on the effect of Climate Change on groundwater resources