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Closed Paved areas are mainly areas with paved covers like roads, parking lots, driveways, etc. that are made of impermeable material like cement and bituminous concrete pavement. In terms of conceptual modelling mechanisms, Closed Paved is quite similar to Paved Roof. On the surface of a typical impermeable paved area, a small amount of rainwater is intercepted as surface ponding which can only be emptied through evaporation. Rainfall exceeding the interception storage capacity will generate runoff, which flows to the sewer system (SWDS and/or MSS). The disconnected fraction of runoff is assumed to flow to the Unpaved area (UP). Figure 5 provides a schematic overview.
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